Essay on Abstinence Programs Do They Work - 945 Words

Abstinence Programs: Do they Work? In 2005, nearly half of all high school students have had sexual intercourse. Plainly stating that abstinence programs do not work (USA Today). Abstinence programs were beneficial many years ago, but since they are ineffective in delaying teen pregnancy, then teen pregnancy rate has increased. Abstinence programs teach the â€Å"no sex until marriage† clause, but they don’t teach teens about birth control and the consequences of having sex at before they’ve matured. Although many studies argue that abstinence programs are educational and beneficial, other studies will show that they don’t delay teen sex, they don’t prevent the spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), and are a waste of taxpayers’†¦show more content†¦Sexually active teens that don’t use birth control have a 90% chance of getting pregnant within a year (Guttmacher Institute). Most teens refuse to use birth control for their own personal rea sons. Teens use birth control to opt out of having protected sex† (Center for reproductive Rights 80). There is a high percentage rate of teens that actually use condoms during sex. 74% of females used contraception the first time they had sex (Guttmacher Institute). The percentage of teens that used more than one form of contraception is very low. Approximately 25% of sexually active teens use 2 methods of birth control during sex (Guttmacher Institute). The rate of teens that use condoms and still get pregnant is very low. During the first year of â€Å"typical use†, 20 of teens under the age of 18 using condoms for contraception get pregnant within one year (Abstinence Programs 75). It proves that abstinence programs reach teens that are not easily influenced by sex. Diseases and Teens Teens end up getting sexually transmitted diseases because they are unaware of the consequences of unprotected sex. No abstinence-only program affected the incidence of unprotected vaginal sex (The Australian). Annually 3 million teenagers contract STDs from their partner (Robert Rector). Teens who have early sex not only suffer from STDs, they also have emotional and physical damage. Research shows that young people who become sexuallyShow MoreRelatedAbstinence And Comprehensive Sex Education999 Words   |  4 PagesI lean towards the abstinence side of the argument between abstinence and comprehensive sex education because of my religious beliefs. Although I feel abstinence should be the focus of sex education, I think it is important to teach young people a balance to protect themselves. While researching this topic, it seems that many of the articles have the same idea to teach abstinence along with safe sex which would be comprehensive sex ed. With the ris ing sexual transmitted diseases and pregnanciesRead MoreThe Reality Of Abstinence Versus Sex Education1224 Words   |  5 PagesClarissa Jane Fender Mrs. Presley English 11 10 April 2017 The Reality of Abstinence Versus Sex Education Do you ever stop to wonder what goes through a teen’s mind? Maybe it s the late paper that wasn t turned in for English or the worry of coming home after school to family members being high as a kite, maybe it s the plans for their significant other later on or the so called special night they have planned together. Whether it be one of the topics mentioned or some far off random thoughtRead MoreWhy Abstinence Programs Don t Work1368 Words   |  6 PagesIV 31 March 2015 Why I Believe That Abstinence Programs Don t Work How can people be abstinent if they experience or see sexual content very day? Abstinence programs don t work because we see sexual content on tv every day. Sex Ed classes don’t teach things in the right way. Also people miss use birth control, abortion because Sex Ed makes it seem what its not. I believe that abstinence programs don t work. Some people argue that abstinence programs do work because â€Å"centers for disease controlRead More Sex Education Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pagesactually in labor (Abstinence, 2002). The United States has the highest teen pregnancy, birth, and abortion rates in the Western world (Planned Parenthood, 2003). Are teens getting enough knowledge on sex and how to prevent STDs and unwanted pregnancies? Another heartbreaking statistic is that teenagers have the highest rate of STDs of any age group, with one in four young people contracting an STD by the age of 21 (Sex-Ed Work, 2003). Is sex education really working in school? Or do we need to changeRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesStates in different ways. Various sexual education methods exits, however comprehensive and abstinence-only programs are the most commonly know in public schools. Although many schools in the United States prefer to give an abstinence-only lecture, the results s hown proof that these programs are ineffective because it simply does not fit the reality we live in, comprehensive sex education works better, and they do not offer honest nor accurate information about human sexuality. Providing information regardingRead MoreThe Failure Of The Trump Wall. . . . . By. Christian Cisneros.1396 Words   |  6 PagesSocial b. Psychological c. Health 2. Expected Standards 3. â€Å"Just Say No† Program III. Studies A. US Department of Health and Human Services B. Columbia University C. American Academy of Pediatrics IV. Biased Views of Sexuality A. Abstinence-Only Programs B. Alienation III. Conclusion Morales3 Sex education is important, but many students finish sex education classes with a distortedRead MoreEssay on Abstinence vs. Comprehensive Sex Education1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfederal funding was put to use in â€Å". . . sex education programs that promote abstinence-only-until-marriage to the exclusion of all other approaches . . .† according to the article â€Å"Sex education† (2010) published by â€Å"Opposing Viewpoints in Context;† a website that specializes in covering social issues. Since then a muddy controversy has arisen over whether that is the best approach. On one hand is the traditional approach of abstinence (not having sex before marriage), and on the other is theRead MoreAbstinence Only Programs For Public Schools1383 Words   |  6 Pagesadvocatesforyouth.org, â€Å"abstinence only education teaches students to abstain from sex prior to marriage.† These program has been proven to be ineffective. Abstinence only educat ion is ineffective because it is not conducive in reducing teen pregnancy rates and sexually transmitted diseases rates. Abstinence only programs are less likely to teach students about birth control and contraception and how to access it. These programs has not been shown to reduce teen sexual activity. Abstinence only programs became moreRead More Education Is Key: A Comprehensive Approach to Sex Education Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pageseducation is most effective: Abstinence, Abstinence-Plus, or Comprehensive. Abstinence sex education does not acknowledge that teenagers will become sexually active, thus, students do not learn about the different forms of contraception, and students do not learn about abortion. Also, students are taught that the risks of contracting an STD or HIV are prime reasons to remain abstinent. Abstinence-plus sex education explores the context and significance of sex. Although abstinence-plus education stillRead MoreAbstinence-only vs. Abstinence-plus1607 Words   |  7 Pagesan effective program in schools that reinforce a clear message of abstaining from sexual activity in addition to informing students of the risks posed by engaging in sexual activity. The political, and religious dissension on this issue has resulted in a procedural stalemate pre venting schools from effectively addressing the problem, and implement a comprehensive sex-education program that benefits young adults in Texas and the rest of the United States. Abstinence-Only programs are currently

Use Industrial Economic Theory to Assess the Extent Free Essays

Vertical integration is the process of combining firms, usually under a single ownership, that are different parts of a larger production scale. This could be anything from two firms to all of the firms that make up the supply chain. Due to combining multiple smaller firms, this form of integration has an effect on the market power that the firm(s) has (Riordan, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Use Industrial Economic Theory to Assess the Extent or any similar topic only for you Order Now This differs to horizontal integration which is the combination of firms or expansion of a single firm at one particular point of the production process (Black, Hashimzade, Myles, 2009, p. 206-7). Vertical integration is usually carried out in one of two ways. Upstream, which can be referred to as backwards, and downstream, or forward, and the definition is linked to the ownership or controlling party. Upstream is to your suppliers and downstream is to your buyers (Enz, 2009, p. 214). Although vertical integration is usually upstream or downstream it can also be balanced which is where ownership or control is shared between the firms in the supply chain. There are multiple benefits associated with vertical integration but some of the benefits may differ between upstream and downstream. Some benefits that may arise are improved coordination between firms throughout the supply chain, cost savings through internalized transactions and an increased market share (Fairburn, Kay, 1989, p. 10). There are many examples of both upstream and downstream integration in industry throughout history. In the 1970’s and 80’s many crude petroleum extracting companies acquired downstream firms such as refineries and distribution networks (â€Å"Idea: Vertical Integration†, 2009). This is mirrored today with many oil companies such as Shell and BP owning all parts of the supply chain from extraction to the petrol stations supplying the consumers. Smithfield Industries are a meat producing firm that has benefitted from upstream vertical integration. They have integrated with a variety of farms, slaughterhouses as well as other firms that make up the entire supply chain. They now have ownership or decision making power, such as changes to production levels to match changes in demand for the final products, in all the firms that supply them. As a result they now have 26% of the meat and poultry market (Pepall, Richards, Norman, 2008, p. 449) as well as receiving other benefits such as maintaining a sustainable supply for larger numbers, having control over product quality (such as the leanness of the meat) and they have designed warehouses and barns for their subsidiaries to improve their operational efficiency. Most of these benefits are predominantly in favour of the retailer Smithfield as much of these benefits are associated with lowering costs across the supply chain which lowers their final input costs. These benifits, that are associated with lowering input costs, all indicate that Smithfeild do not suffer from double marginisation as a result of thier vertical integration. Double marginalisation is when all the integrated firms set a price above the marginal cost (MC) which then creates two sets of surpluses that are incurred, also reducing consumer surplus to make all parties worse off. Pepall, Richards Newman state that this is not possible if there is competition either upstream or downstream in the chain (2008, p. 438). This is because competition can cause the wholesale price of inputs to be at the MC to either keep the upstream firm competing or the downstream firms final price competitive. Competition upstream that causes production at the MC can help the downstream firm, in this case Smithfield, achieve abnormal profits if they have monopoly power and the ability to descriminate thier prices. Although most of the benefits are for Smithfield, the subsidiaries will benefit from having more efficient processes and economies of scale that may be gained from the integration due to investment received from the parent firm. The profitability of the integration is linked to the level economies of scale obtained from it as the ability to coordinate the adoption of new technologies associated with lower marginal costs for the subsidiaries will define how much profit can be made (Avenel, 2008, p. 248). As well as this they will benefit from having a reliable retailer that will have a consistent demand for their products. Although they will have a consistent buyer for their products the subsidiaries will have to receive a lower unit price for their products as a result of bringing down their costs after the integration. This is not a negative as the demand for their product is consistent and the fall in market price will be proportional to the fall in costs. As well as Smithfield, other meat and poultry production firms have benefitted from having highly integrated production chains such as Tyson, ConAgra and Swift (Pepall, Richards, Norman, 2008, p. 449). The integration of these firms is consistent with Lieberman’s views (1991, p. 452) of why upstream integration may take place. The main reason which is applicable to this situation is that if the inputs in question account for a arge proportion of total cost (which animals being bred for meat will do) then the downstream firm is more likely to integrate. Although all these firms are highly integrated and could offer much lower prices than they already do to the consumers they choose not to. Having a higher mark up allows them to receive higher profit margins from the lower input costs while keeping similar market prices for their final out put. This is a form of non-price competition in order to receive higher profits and an example of Nash equilibrium. Nash equilibrium is where a set of price levels or production levels for each firm will not be changed based on the decision of the other competing firms (Pepall, Richards, Norman, p. 197), meaning that if one lowers their price the rest of the competitors will retaliate and all start undercutting theirs but could end up resulting in loss of profits based on how much the prices change. Nash equilibrium is common in large oligopolistic markets which are also the most common for vertical integration to take place in. This is an example of how the benefits of this integration will not be asymmetric as the final retailer can increase its profits relatively by a much larger amount than the subsidiaries they are purchasing their inputs from. All the benefits previously mentioned which are mainly associated with lower costs and prices also cause another benefit by causing barriers to entry. These are things that make it difficult to enter the market (Black, Hashimzade, Myles, 2009, p. 29). In this case the low costs due to higher efficiency will make competition for a new entrant difficult and will in turn detour others from attempting to enter the market which will keep the level of competition for the existing firm lower, especially in the case of the meat and poultry market where many of the largest firms are highly integrated. Partnerships are a form of integration that does not include control or ownership but can still provide many benefits, usually cost orientated, that may be associated with conventional integration. Partnerships often occur when both firms involved are large and it would not be cost-effective to attempt to buy them. McDonalds are a company that as well as being highly integrated they also have many partnerships with companies such as Coca-Cola, Heinze and Microsoft. In the case of the Microsoft partnership some of the benefits are streamlining operations and reducing the total cost of operations (â€Å"Microsoft Partners with McDonald’s for Global Point-of-Sale Solution†, 2005). As well as this Microsoft will also benefit by improving thier brand awareness, specifically for thier Microsoft Smarter Hospitality system. In conclusion all parties will benefit from vertical integration. But the benefits are not asymmetric. In an upstream integration the majority of the benefits are gained by the retailer that sells the final product. This is because they can increase their market share as a result of the integration as well as their costs can be greatly reduced while keeping their price relatively similar and hence creating more profits. The subsidiary firms may still end up with higher profit margins but the proportional increase is unlikely to match that of their owner firm. Another reason that the benefits are not asymmetric and are greater for the retailer is that they gain control over the subsidiary and the subsidiary has to relinquish some or all control to the owners. This allows the retailer to dictate what is produced in preparation for possible changes in demand or product portfolio which could lead to the supplier being left with excess stock. The benefits from barriers to entry will not be asymetric. In many cases, including the poultry market, the upstream markets are more monoploistic and more competitive as opposed to a more oligoposlistic structure downstream (associated with higher barriers to entry) which is shown by the fact that a single downstream firm will own multiple upstream suppliers. Also the fact that the downstream firms will get more cost/price benefits show that the added difficulty for new firms to compete will be harder. Bibliography Answers. (2011). Vertical Integration. Retrieved November 15 from http://www. answers. com/topic/vertical-integration Avenel, E. (2008). Strategic Vertical Integration without Foreclosure [Electronic Version]. The Journal of Industrial Economics,56(2), 247-262 Black, J. , Hashimzade, N. , Myles, G. (2009). Oxford Dictionary of Economics (3rd ed. ). Oxford: Oxford University Press Enz, C. A. (2009). Hospitality Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases (2nd ed. ). New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Inc. Fairburn, J. A. , Kay, J. A. (1989). Introduction. In J. A. Fairburn, J. A. Kay (Eds. ), Mergers Merger Policy (pp. 1-29). New York: Oxford University Press Idea: Vertical Integration. (2009, March 30). The Economist. Retrieved November 12, 2011, from http://www. economist. com/node/13396061 Leiberman, M. B. (1991). Determinants of Vertical Integration: An Emperical Test* [Electronic Version]. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(5), 451-466. Microsoft Partners with McDonald’s for Global Point-of-Sale Solution. (2005). Microsoft News Centre. Retrieved November 24, 2011 from http://www. icrosoft. com/presspass/press/2005/dec05/12-07McDonaldsPOSPR. mspx Pepall, L. , Richards, D. , Norman, G. (2008). Industrial Economics: Contemporary Theory and Emperical Applications (4th ed. ). Padstow: Blackwell Publishing Riordan, M. H. (2008). Vertical integration. In S. N. Durlauf, L. E. Blume (Eds. ), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2nd ed. ). Palgrave Macmillian. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online. Retrieved Novemb er 12, 2011, from http://www. dictionaryofeconomics. com/article? id=pde2008_V000029 How to cite Use Industrial Economic Theory to Assess the Extent, Essay examples

Fashion Business Is Labour Intensive but Does Not Require free essay sample

I understand that the MUM will not tolerate plagiarism and that I may not be awarded a mark for an assignment In which Contents 1. Introduction 2. Definition of Fixed Capital 3. Definition of Labor Intensive 4. Production Process Pre-production Operations Grading 2 Cut Order Planning and Marker Making Laying/Spreading 5. Other Production Processes 6. Niche Market 7. Conclusion Reference List 3 5 Introduction This essay aims to explore the validity of the above statement. Further more, it will define certain terms such as fixed capital and labor intensive in order to ascertain the exact meaning of the statement.Once the statement has been defined then this essay will explore the facts regarding the production process as well as identify what niche market is in order to prove the above statement as valid. Definition of Fixed Capital Investigated defines fixed capital (2012: 91) as the capital investments or assets that are used to start and conduct a business. Investigated further explains in the article that examples of fixed capital can include factories, office buildings, computer servers, insurance policies, legal contracts and manufacturing equipment. We will write a custom essay sample on Fashion Business Is Labour Intensive but Does Not Require or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Definition of Labor Intensive The Collins English Dictionary defines labor-intensive (2003: 91) as a term used to describe a task, industry or organization where a high proportion of costs is spent on ages or salaries. Production Process: General Sewing Data (n. D: 91) states that eighty percent of costs are committed at the design sampling stage. It goes on to say that the majority of pre-production operations involve predicting costs of labor, sample making and production.Mad, a fashion professional, explains in the article entitled The Step-by-step Process of Garment Manufacturing (2012: 85) that grading involves the process of making a pattern larger or smaller regarding its standardized size. She also points out that grading can be done by hand or by use of computer aided design. Cut Order Planning and Marker-Making Cut order planning is the process of planning the cutting of the order and is part of the marker-making activity. Marker-making is the course of creating a cost effective layout on the fabric and marking its position to ensure minimal waste. Once the marker-making activity is complete then the layers of fabric are cut either by hand or with the use of sophisticated cutting apparatus such as laser cutting. Jacobs-Bleach, Ammos, Schuster and Smith,1996:2) Laying is the process whereby one would place layers of fabric on top of each other in order to allow the cutting of multiple garment parts to create piles which would be rooted in order of assembly. In the event of a fabric defect the material would be spliced and adjusted to be placed over the defect. Spreading Layering the Fabrics, 2010: 91) Other Production Processes In addition to the above information, Mad (2012: 85) states that the process includes predominantly these steps: designing or sketching which involves the process of spontaneous recording of ideas, pattern designing, sample making which means to create samples of the patterns by cutting and testing the accurateness of the pattern, grading which means to create different sizes of the pattern, cutting, Ewi ng/assembling, pressing/ finishing which involves various ways of steaming or ironing the garment in order to create a neat and aesthetic finish.Niche Market of the market on which a specific product is focusing. The article further adds that small capital providers often focus on niche markets with narrow demographics to increase their gains. Conclusion As one can ascertain from the above paragraphs, the production process requires relatively few fixed assets. The main fixed assets that would be necessary would include, a sewing machine, various stationary: scissors, rulers, tape measures etc. An overlooked, an iron and a factory which could even be home based.It could be assumed that the main expenditure in one such business would be the labor as each step that has been explained requires a handler or technician. In retrospect the amount of labor required far outweighs the minimal expenditure necessary in order to purchase the fixed assets. This essay has defined both the terms, fixed capital and labor intensive. In so doing it has exacted the meaning of the initial statement. The essay then went on to explain the steps involved in the production process in order to ascertain what fixed assets ND proportionate labor would be necessary to conduct a fashion business. It also explored what a niche market is to express the fact that young designers could use niche markets in order to create a brand identity and focus on a particular need of a certain demographic. In conclusion, the fashion business is definitely a labor intensive one contrarily the fixed capital required would depend on the size of the business and its expected unit production. In most cases, initially, such a business would require little fixed capital but a large amount of labor therefore the statement has proven itself valid.